Hindu Calendar - Hindu Panchang, Hindu Months, Tithi

What is Hindu calendar?

Nakshatra (constellation), date, number, yoga and day are used to make Hindu calendar or ‘Panchang’.

Hindu calendar is made by adopting (following) two types of methods- first depends on the movement of the moon around the earth (revolution) and second depends on the movement of the earth around the sun. On the first day of new year, festivals like- ‘Yugadi’ in Karnataka, ‘Gudhi padva’ in maharashtra, ‘Vishu’ in sea beach area of kerala and Karnataka, ‘Vaisaki’ in west bengal, ‘Vaisakhi’ in Punjab and different festivals like this are celebrated in other countries too. Chandraman yugadi is called for the followers of the moon and Swarnman yugadi is called for the followers of the sun.

Chaitra, Baishakha, Jyeshtha, Aashadh, Shrawan, Bhadrapad, Aashwin, Kartik, Margshish, Paush, Magha and Phalgun all are known as the 12 months of Chandra calendar.

Each of the months is divided in to two sections each of them have 14 to 16 days like-

Shukla paksha- amavasya (no moon) to poornima (full moon)
Krishna paksha- poornima (full moon) to amavasya (no moon).

These six seasons are describing below
As like there is six seasons as there are four weathers in a year, which has been described below
Date
Yoga
Karan
Hindu year

March to April every year is known as one day chandraman yugadi. There are 12 months even in sun’s calendar like- Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius and Pisces. Swarnman yugadi falls mostly on 14^th February every year.

Other considerable facts like- date, day, constellation, number (11), yoga (27), etc. are also studied for making panchang. As we all know that there are total 7 days in a week which known as seven planets except Rahu and Ketu.

Like this, a year is also divided into two parts- Uttarayana and Dakshinayana. They are also very important for all the things. This is the reason why importance is given to north-east and south-east directions along with east direction. The sun is active for six months i.e. from 14 January to 15 July on north part of the earth every year and it is known as uttarayana while the remaining six months i.e. from 16 July to 14 January the sun is active on the south part of the earth, which is known as Dakshinayana. But according to English calendar, 21^st December to 20^th June is known as uttarayana and 21^st June to 20^th December is known as Dakshinayana. Day time is longer and night is shorter in uttarayana and just opposite of it in Dakshinayana.

Six seasons– There are six seasons according to Hindu calendar and all run for two months.

These six seasons are describing below-

S.No.	Seasons	Chandra months	In English
1.	Spring	Chitra to Baishakh	March to May
2.	Summer	Jyeshtha to Aashadha	May to July
3.	Rainy	Shrawan to Bhadrapad	July to September
4.	Autumn	Ashwin to Kartik	September to November
5.	Cold season	Margshish to Paush	November to January
6.	Winter	Magha to Phalgun	January to March

As like there is six seasons as there are four weathers in a year, which has been described below-

S.No.	Weather	In English
1.	Spring	21^st March to 21^st June
2.	Summer	21^st June to 22^nd September
3.	Autumn	22^nd September to 22^nd December
4.	Winter	22^nd December to 21^st March

Date– The distance between the sun and the moon has been divided in three sections, because these are known as date. When all they are appear in a straight line, it is known as new Chandra day and when they are become separate from each other, it is known as full Chandra day. All the dates are at 12° from each other. There are total 15 dates in both shukla paksha and Krishna paksha.

Shukla paksha– all these from amawasya (no moon) to poornima (full moon)- pratipada (1^st), dwitiya (2^nd), tritiya (3^rd), chaturtha (4^th), panchami (5^th), shashthi (6^th), saptmi (7^th), ashthami (8^th), navami (9^th), dashami (10^th), ekadashi (11^th), dwadashi (12^th), tryodashi (13^th) and poornima (full moon), etc. are located at 12° at each other.

Krishnapaksha– All these from poornima (full moon) to amawasya (no moon) – pratipada (1^st), dwitiya (2^nd), tritiya (3^rd), chaturtha (4^th), panchami (5^th), shashthi (6^th), saptmi (7^th), ashthami (8^th), navami (9^th), dashami (10^th), ekadashi (11^th), dwadashi (12^th), tryodashi (13^th) and poornima (full moon), etc. are located at 12° at each other.

From beginning of constructing house to entering ceremony of it, birth chart is also required along with panchang (Hindu calendar) for finding out auspicious moment. One, who has no knowledge about it properly, can not find out its solutions properly. So, he/she should consult any expert pandit (Brahmin) for this purpose.

Yoga– yoga is made by the effect of the sun, moon and starts after coming them in a particular position. These are 27 in numbers, which are as follow-

1.	Vishkambha	15.	Vraja
2.	Preeti	16.	Siddhi
3.	Aayushmana	17.	Vyatipat
4.	Saubhagya	18.	Variyan
5.	Shobhana	19.	Paridha
6.	Atigand	20.	Shiv
7.	Sukarma	21.	Siddha
8.	Ghriti	22.	Sadhya
9.	Shool	23.	Shubha
10.	Gand	24.	Shukla
11.	Vridhi	25.	Brahma
12.	dhru	26.	Endra
13.	Vyaghat	27.	vaidhriti
14.	Harshan

Karan (number) – The effect of a particular position of date, day, constellation (group of stars), etc. is known as number (karan). There are two numbers (karans) in a date; means there are total sixty karans in 30 days of month. Normally, there are 11 karans-

1.	Bav	7.	Vishti (bhadra)
2.	Balav	8.	Shakuni
3.	Kaulav	9.	Chatushmad
4.	Taitul	10.	Nag
5.	Garaj	11.	Kinstughana
6.	Vanij

Hindu year (Savantsar) – Hindu’s eight years are as follow-

1. Prabhav	2. Vibhav	3. Shukla	4. Pramudatta
5. Pragyahatpati	6. Angiras	7. Shrimukha	8. Bhav
9. Yuv	10. Dhatu	11. Hevilambi	12. Vilambi
13. Vikari	14. Sharvari	15. Plav	16. Shubhakritu
17. Shobhakritu	18. Krodhi	19. Vishvavasu	20. Prabhav
21. Ishwar	22. Bahudhanya	23. pramadi	24. Vikram
25. Vishu	26. Chitrabhanu	27. Shvabhanu	28. Parthivi
29. Vyavya	30. Sarvjitu	31. Sarvadhari	32. Tarna
33. Virodhi	34. Vikriti	35. Khar	36. Nandan
37. Vijay	38. Jay	39. Manmath	40. Durmukhi
41. Plawang	42. Keelak	43. Somya	44. Sadharan
45. Virodhikrit	46. Paridhavi	47. Pramadikha	48. Anand
49. Rakshas	50. Nal	51. Pingal	52. Kalyukti
53. Siddharthi	54. Raudri	55. Durmati	56. Rudhirodhagari
57. Dudunbhi	58. Raktakshi	59. Krodhan	60. Akshay

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